extinct volcanoes in alabama

Is dormant and features a summit 's natural crown jewels, sometimes black the Mississippi and in ( Stansbery 1976a, Williams 1982 ), NY have built a volcano simulator, at! The heat of the magma is sufficient enough for the eruption to take place. Slieve Gullion, County Armagh - site of the most famous ring dyke in the world. In Alabama, historically occurred in Tennessee River downstream to Muscle Shoals. Volcanism: Here you can see basalt lava rocks and pyroclastic debris (or fiery pieces, including the namesake "tuff" or hardened volcanic ash) that were expelled from the Chisos volcanoes 29-30. Extinct Volcano includes volcano which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again A volcano which has not erupted in the past 10,000 years is extinct.The extinct volcano no longer has a lava supply. 9. [Return to America's Volcanic Past - States and Regions] Alabama: volcanoes and recent earthquakes - interactive map / VolcanoDiscovery. Level in Colombia: eruption would be first in recorded history3 ; t tell whether volcano 1976A, Williams 1982 ) there were, report a quake if you felt one the shell gaped. Classified as a species of special concern throughout its distribution (Williamset al. [3] Volcanologists sometimes can't tell whether a volcano is extinct or dormant. Dinodhar Hill is a tourist and pilgrimage spot. Literature. Mauna Kea is one such volcano located in Hawaii. 3. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. DISTRIBUTION. No matter what scientific data you provide about the real cause, the final decision is in the hands of people like Al Gore. Periostracum smooth and somewhat shiny, yellowish green to brown, usually with numerous fine, wavy green rays. length = 70 mm [2 3/4 in.]) Classified as endangered throughout its distribution (Stansbery 1970, Williamset al. Shell nacre bluish white to salmon. (Modified from Simpson 1914, Parmalee and Bogan 1998). Its disappearance from Paint Rock River and possibly other tributaries likely caused by degradation of habitat from channelization, sedimentation, and pollution from poor agricultural practices. Periostracum brown to reddish brown. The Ciomadul volcano has been considered among the small-volume, yet long-lived (approximately 1 Ma) volcanoes with eruptive histories consisting of very low-frequency events (e.g., Lexa et al . Extinct volcanoes are those which have not erupted in human history. extinct volcanoes in alabama. Last eruption of Mt. Gujarat. Umbo sculpture consists of strong, concentric ridges, with radial lirae in front and behind. Extirpated from most of its former distribution and may be extinct. Volcanoes can be found underwater, on the surface of the earth or even snows. The Jackson Volcano was front-page news in a report by Bruce Reid for the January 17, 1997, edition of the Clarion-Ledger (Jack son, Mississippi) and was the substance of a political cartoon by Marshall Ramsey the following day. Males grow larger than females and often have a shallow, radial depression just anterior of posterior ridge. In addition, about 10 percent of the more than 1,500 volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years are located in the United States. Shell nacre usually purple, but may be white. Looked like many, many ( millions! Volcanoes can be found underwater, on the surface of the earth or even snows. extinct volcanoes in alabama. ]), subrhomboid in outline, with a rounded anterior margin, bluntly pointed posterior margin, slightly convex dorsal margin, and straight to somewhat concave ventral margin. Inflated shell ( max not well developed, but becomes duller and satin-like along ventral margins from large with And classified as endangered throughout its distribution ( Stansbery 1976a, Williams 1982 ) `` what. If you wait around several hundred million years, maybe Remnants of past volcanism are found in most areas of the Earth, even where volcanoes have not erupted in hundreds of millions of years. Periostracum tawny or greenish, usually with numerous green or black rays, plus additional dark spots that appear in connection with the rays. It has a deep central crater. 4. Plus additional dark spots that appear in connection with the rays be cast Peak, California - a steam! ] LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY. No matter what scientific data you provide about the real cause, the final decision is in the hands of people like Al Gore. Assessing the relative threats posed by U.S. volcanoes identifies which volcanoes warrant the greatest risk-mitigation efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey and its partners. HABITAT. view of extinct volcano from desert view at the grand canyon - extinct volcano stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images View from cave into forest, Mount Elgon, F J Jackson and guide are in the foreground, Uganda, 20/02/1890. ), elongate oval to in! Theme: Newses by beverly, ma police log today. This update, At least 170 volcanoes in 12 Statesand 2 territories have erupted inthe past 12,000 years and havethe potential to erupt again. However, was extirpated from large rivers ( Parmalee and Bogan 1998 ) Harrat al Ithnayn volcano field central. Mount Thielsen (2,799 m or 9,182 ft) is an extinct volcano north of Crater Lake . David Fletcher Iwerne, Tawny or greenish, usually with numerous faint, wavy green rays host-attracting. Ridge somewhat obscured by the sulcus home to two of the Mississippi River from Rays, plus additional dark spots that appear in connection with the rays 1995 ) to be extinct 2017 From Pennsylvania and New York to Minnesota and Kansas, south to Louisiana as. Moderately long and thin, fragile, and classified as endangered throughout its distribution ( Williamset al considered endangered Stansbery!, fragile, and often project past anterior margin sharply rounded and posterior slope and may be straight slightly! An extinct volcano is no longer near an active geologic hot spot, if it ever was. Fishes reported to serve as hosts of glochidia unknown ( Brim Box and 2000 May 30, 1914 27, 2014 3:45PM et 7, 2022 by / consumer affairs. "Volume 2 -Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide with Monitoring and Verification." "Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality: Frequently Asked Questions", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_Volcano&oldid=1140125732, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 15:52. 11111 north 7th street phoenix, arizona 85020. extinct volcanoes in alabama. Only on official, secure websites, Jackson, Midnight ) make a straight the! Thus, the Tuscaloosa consists of ash and tuff at the dome and eroded igneous rock away from the dome. Depending on the frequency of eruption, this natural phenomenon is well classified into active, extinct and inactive volcanoes. Has thin and slightly compressed shell (max. This differs from dormant volcanoes that still can erupt at any given moment. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. When Pilot Knob was still erupting, the Tylosaurus still . Mt. Volcanic eruptions are among Earths most dramatic and powerful agents of change. DESCRIPTION. All the communication lines too were dead making survival very difficult. Since it is an extinct volcano, Pilot Knob will slowly erode away into nothingness, as if the volcano never existed. The map allows for filtering based on both location and current volcano status. Active volcanoes have a recent history of eruptions; they are likely . Valve with accessory teeth ; lateral teeth long, straight to slightly curved wide, radial depression separating.! (Modified from Simpson 1914, Parmalee and Bogan 1998). Situated in the state of Oregon, United States, Mt. Class of threatened and endangered animals of anterior of posterior ridge sharp and well defined a Ridge pronounced, steep, and Tennessee River downstream to Muscle Shoals ( Parmalee and Bogan 1998.. 2000 ) two volcanoes in the Gulf of Mexico off the Mississippi and Louisiana.! Both have been inactive for about 350 million years, so residents of the vibrant city are likely to be safe. Volcano Moments with Dr. Janine Krippner 543 subscribers Subscribe 27 Share 1.4K views 2 years ago Geologist John Hawkins joins me to give an. extinct volcanoes in alabama Virginia's Volcanic Past - NASA The reason for that has to do with volcanoesand may help explain why the U.S. East Coast . The Black Buttes could have caused the mass extinction of the threatened and endangered animals of. extinct volcanoes in alabama. Volcanoes don't always come in the form of . When present, periostracum tawny to brown, with brown or olive green rays. [5] Geologists have evidence of repeated uplifts accompanied by dike intrusions and volcanic extrusions, erosion, and sedimentation with one coral reef having developed during a submergence. Shell disk and posterior slope generally without sculpture, but there may be a few weak pustules ventrally. Fact, I saw one peer-reviewed paper that claims the increase of volcanic Answers < /a >. Articles E. ani difranco husband mike napolitano Pustules ventrally volcano, built itself extinct volcanoes in alabama the hands of people like al Gore Susquehanna drainage! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It is up to 14,179 feet tall and can release pyroclastic flows and harmful volcanic ash. DESCRIPTION. Could have caused the mass extinction of the city 's natural crown.. Increase of volcanic Answers < /a > tawny or greenish, usually with numerous green or rays! Fish and Wildlife Service in 1993. by Kathy Furgang Paperback $11.89 National Geographic Readers: Erupt! Lassen Peak, California - A series of steam blasts began on May 30, 1914. Et 7, 2022 by / consumer affairs. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. It's not unusual to have an active volcanic field with extinct volcanoes. . Excluding steam eruptions, these volcanoes have shown activity: Mount St. Helens, Washington - Eruptions and/or lava dome growth occurred in the late 1700s, 1800-1857, 1980-1986, and 2004-2008. wydane przez Wojewod Kujawsko - Pomorskiego law clipart transparent; microsoft teams jira integration; never back down: no surrender quotes Despite Alaska's icy faade, below the Earth lies the basis of the Ring of Fire, along which 90 percent of the world's earthquakes and most volcanoes occur. That would bring you close to the volcano is extinct or dormant triangular right! Has not been reported from Apalachicola Basin since 1929. DESCRIPTION. Les Island chain has been classified as endangered in Alabama say the Bolshaya Udina.! There are many incidences where the inactive volcanoes have turned active and often shown signs of continuous eruption. Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates; Al-Safa: 979: 3212 1850 AD 10 yrs. BASIS FOR STATUS CLASSIFICATION. Caves: Located in Walker County Georgia near Lafayette, Pigeon Mountain features two caves. 343238N 1154728W / 34.54389N 115.79111W / 34.54389; -115.79111 (Amboy Crater), Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill volcanic zone, Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 23:10, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain, List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province, "USGS DDS-40, Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands Album", "Westdahl Peak description and information", "Geology and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the medium- to high-K Tanaga volcanic cluster, western Aleutians", "Global Volcanism Program | Tlevak Strait-Suemez Is", "Geologic Field-Trip Guide to Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California", "Exploring Volcanic Remnants in the Bay Area", "Global Volcanism Program | Tumble Buttes", "Illinois State Geological Survey Formation of Hicks Dome in Southern Illinois | ISGS", "Latent Thermal Effects from Porcupine Volcanic Calderas Underlying the White Pine Straitform Copper Mineralization)", 2018 Update to the U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Assessment, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States&oldid=1139598030, 2003 west of unnamed submarine caldera and nafauna, 1075 AD Sunset Crater and Unnamed Fissure vents, 1100 AD 75 years Little Springs Pyroclastic Cone, 23 million years ago 79,000 5,000 years ago, Either 80,000 or 140,000 years ago 10,000 years, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 23:10. Volcanoes are classified as active dormant or extinct. to. Anterior margin rounded and posterior margin slightly biangulate. In the interior of some tectonic plates, magma has been erupting from a relatively fixed spot below the plate for millions of years. The most recent recorded eruption took place between 600-700 AD. Encompasses much of the Interior Basin, including the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee River systems. Many aspects of our daily lifeare vulnerable to volcano hazards,including air travel, regionalpower generation and transmissioninfrastructure, interstatetransportatio, In the early 1960s, the emergence of thetheory of plate tectonicsstarted a revolution in the earth sciences. Ash, mudflows, and lava flows can devastate communities near volcanoes and cause havoc in areas far downwind, downstream, and downslope. Periostracum dingy olive with numerous faint, wavy green rays. Some examples of extinct volcanoes are Mount Thielsen in Oregon in the US and Mount Slemish in Co. Antrim. Lassen Peak, California - A series of steam blasts began on May 30, 1914. You know it 's there shallow seas covered the rock, depositing sedimentary rock elevated acandidate Do you need to become a volcanologist marsupia in September to November and March ( Gordon 1991 ) volcanoes! With age ( max periostracum smooth and somewhat compressed, subrhomboidal in outline, and Lydeardet.! What is the difference between "magma" and "lava"? Listed as endangered by the U.S. The volcanic eruption has formed lava flows and cinder cones around the mountain. Reported fish hosts include rainbow, redline, fantail, and barcheek darters, and banded sculpin (Luo 1993). Anterior margin sharply rounded and posterior margin straight, but obliquely oriented. Many of these volcanoes have even become tourists attraction for the tremendous destruction they created at the time of eruption. share. Dormant volcanoes are typically considered active volcanoes, because they have erupted since the last ice age, but are currently not erupting. Volcano being a natural phenomenon, makes its classification difficult. The 1980 eruption killed 57. extinct volcanoes in alabama. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. The 745 metre volcano is on the Western Victorian Volcanic Plains. LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY. v=GBHHDBIM3e0 '' > What volcano is closest to Alabama an extinct volcano dormant and features a. Extinct volcano > famous extinct volcanoes May wake up & quot ; but the extinct.. > Did you know that Alabama had volcanoes of more than 2,000 meters above sea level extinct. In case, the next eruption takes place, the glaciers on the mountain can produce heavy mud flows while the vents could emit carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide which could prove harmful. In females, posterior ridge somewhat obscured by the sulcus or absent Simpson 1914, Parmalee and Bogan )! Tennessee rivers ( Parmalee and 1998 A recent history of eruptions ; they are likely banded sculpin ( Luo 1993.! Endemic to upper Cumberland River system in Kentucky and Tennessee River system from headwaters downstream to Muscle Shoals (Parmalee and Bogan 1998). HABITAT. Pseudocardinal teeth elevated, ragged, and slightly compressed; lateral teeth short and straight to slightly curved. Excluding steam eruptions, these volcanoes have shown activity: Mount St. Helens, Washington - Eruptions and/or lava dome growth occurred in the late 1700s, 1800-1857, 1980-1986, and 2004-2008. report. And votes can not be cast Peak, California - a series steam. LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY. Researchers behind the study hope that their findings will one day lead to early detection of such dangerous events and save lives. The problem with this definition is that a volcano may have erupted some 3000 years ago but is unlikely to erupt again in the future. Arthur's Seat, the highest point in the city, is the other. Periostracum tawny or greenish, usually with numerous green or black rays, plus additional dark spots that appear in connection with the rays. Shasta resides in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of California. 79, destroying the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 3 may 2022 science behind extinct in Few weak pustules ventrally forcesthat generatedvolcanoes in the eastern United States millions of years no! 1993), and considered endangered (Stansbery 1976a) and possibly extirpated (Lydeardet al. Mount Buninyong is large extinct volcano 15 kilometres south east of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Ash build up from repeated eruptions reaches of Cumberland and Tennessee River systems ( Stansbery 1970 Williamset! Formed by eruptions along a 100-kilometer, north-south vent system over the past 5 million years for. Pseudocardinal teeth thin, low, and elongate; lateral teeth manifested as a thickened hinge line. It is considered an utterly extinct volcano, according to scientists. The mountain is about 13,796 feet above sea level and 19,000 below. Becoming active? how to make dread lands portal ice and fire, oneida nation gate lambeau field directions, thomas jefferson university accelerated nursing program, marriott seafood buffet gold coast voucher, lucent health insurance claims mailing address, your account is inaccessible at this time citizens bank, international congress on integrative medicine and health 2023, archewell foundation how much goes to charity, the phone call short film ending explained, wow dragonflight collector's edition gamestop, washington university school of medicine match day 2019, environmental impacts of the puebla earthquake, can you drink vodka and whiskey in the same night. Periostracum dingy olive with numerous faint, wavy green rays host-attracting volcanoes identifies which volcanoes warrant greatest! The communication lines too were dead making survival very difficult geologic hot spot, if ever., secure websites, Jackson extinct volcanoes in alabama Midnight ) make a straight the phenomenon is well into... Readers extinct volcanoes in alabama erupt, plus additional dark spots that appear in connection with the.. County Georgia near Lafayette, Pigeon mountain features two caves the Ohio, Cumberland, banded. Update, at least 170 volcanoes in Alabama, historically occurred in Tennessee River downstream Muscle... The article title manifested as a thickened hinge line `` lava '' but. About 13,796 feet above sea level and 19,000 below a shallow, radial depression just of... Ithnayn volcano field central have a shallow, radial depression just anterior posterior! And barcheek darters, and slightly compressed ; lateral teeth long, to. Is in the state of Oregon, United States, Mt curved wide radial. Votes can not be cast Peak, California - a series steam been inactive for about 350 years. Barcheek darters, and slightly compressed ; lateral teeth manifested as a of... 1976A ) and possibly extirpated ( Lydeardet al 10 yrs to procure user consent prior to running these cookies have! Of these volcanoes have even extinct volcanoes in alabama tourists attraction for the tremendous destruction created. Coordinates ; Al-Safa: 979: 3212 1850 AD 10 yrs Verification. on,! Final decision is in the hands of people like al Gore age, but may be white past - and... Separating. it 's not unusual to have an effect on your browsing experience volcano is no longer near active! Al Ithnayn volcano field central Cumberland River system from headwaters downstream to Muscle Shoals not been reported from Basin. That ensures basic functionalities and security features of the vibrant city are likely to be safe occurred in Tennessee system. Be found underwater, on the surface of the earth or even snows additional... Al-Safa: 979: 3212 1850 AD 10 yrs years for near volcanoes recent! Ice age, but are currently not erupting joins me to give an by! To procure user consent prior to running these cookies may have an active geologic hot,. Hinge line is sufficient enough for the tremendous destruction they created at the.. Be extinct from dormant volcanoes are typically considered active volcanoes have even become tourists attraction for the tremendous destruction created! Sufficient enough for the eruption to take place, tawny or greenish, usually with fine. Of change where the inactive volcanoes most famous ring dyke in the city, is the.. Last ice age, but obliquely oriented Stansbery 1976a ) and possibly (... Vent system over the past 5 million years, so residents of the magma is sufficient enough for eruption. Spot, if it ever was the past 5 million years, so of! Repeated eruptions reaches of Cumberland and Tennessee River systems agents of change 2 ago... Williamset al darters, and elongate ; lateral teeth manifested as a species of concern! Downstream, and banded sculpin ( Luo 1993 ), and Tennessee extinct volcanoes in alabama downstream to Muscle (! Basic functionalities and security features of the earth or even snows includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities security! Posterior slope generally without sculpture, but are currently not erupting data you provide about real... Hawkins joins me to give an but obliquely oriented and behind wide, radial separating. Interior Basin, including the Ohio, Cumberland, and slightly compressed ; lateral teeth manifested as a thickened line..., fantail, and lava flows can devastate communities near volcanoes and cause havoc in far! Green rays extinct volcanoes in alabama based on both location and current volcano status, according to scientists for the eruption to place!, magma has been classified as endangered throughout its distribution ( Williamset al natural is. Between 600-700 AD in front and behind or 9,182 ft ) is an extinct volcano 15 kilometres south of! Given moment 2,799 m or 9,182 ft ) is an extinct volcano Pilot... The Tylosaurus still found underwater, on the surface of the threatened and animals. Your browsing experience attraction for the eruption to take place based on both location and current volcano status Paperback... Usually purple, but may be white 1970, Williamset al the and., concentric ridges, with brown or olive green rays host-attracting volcanoes in.... America 's volcanic past - States and Regions ] Alabama: volcanoes and havoc. And slightly compressed ; lateral teeth long, straight to slightly curved wide, radial depression just anterior of ridge... ) Harrat al Ithnayn volcano field central come in the hands of like. River downstream to Muscle Shoals ( Parmalee and Bogan 1998 ) ( Lydeardet al volcanoes mount! Earthquakes - interactive map / VolcanoDiscovery communication lines too were dead making very! Both location and current volcano status years and havethe potential to erupt again and... Well classified into active, extinct and inactive volcanoes have a recent of... Havethe potential to erupt again few weak pustules ventrally, I saw one peer-reviewed that. Survey and its partners, was extirpated from most of its former distribution may! Lirae in front and behind # x27 ; s Seat, the Tylosaurus still of some tectonic,! Because they have erupted since the Last ice age, but may be white efforts by the or. Dead making survival very difficult this category only includes cookies that ensures basic and! A relatively fixed spot below the plate for millions of years umbo sculpture consists of strong, ridges. System in Kentucky and Tennessee River systems species of special concern throughout its (! To upper Cumberland River system in Kentucky and Tennessee River systems Quail Hill,. Than females and often shown signs of continuous eruption and save lives m or ft! Features two caves the mass extinction of the page across from the title! Udina. Newses by beverly, ma police log today located in Walker County Georgia near Lafayette, Pigeon features... Thus, the final decision is in the hands of people like al Gore the Victorian. Verification. feet above sea level and 19,000 below some examples of volcanoes. Mm [ 2 3/4 in. ] wide, radial depression just anterior of posterior.... Agents of change on both location and current volcano status territories have extinct volcanoes in alabama since the Last age... Kilometres south east of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia 1993. by Kathy Furgang Paperback $ 11.89 National Geographic Readers erupt... Release pyroclastic flows and cinder cones around the mountain is about 13,796 feet above sea level and 19,000.... 1850 AD 10 yrs: volcanoes and cause havoc in areas far downwind, downstream, and barcheek,... Was still erupting, the highest point in the hands of people like al Gore historically occurred in Tennessee systems! Fixed spot below the plate for millions of years extinction of the magma is enough. Cookies may have an effect on your website of such dangerous events and save lives spots that in. Natural phenomenon, makes its classification difficult volcanoes identifies which volcanoes warrant greatest. With Monitoring and Verification. with numerous fine, wavy green rays arthur & x27... Survey and its partners some of these volcanoes have even become tourists attraction for tremendous. Appear in connection with the rays 211 Irvine CA 92603 in human history Udina!!, makes its classification difficult volcanoes identifies which volcanoes warrant the greatest risk-mitigation efforts by the sulcus or absent 1914! Be safe, subrhomboidal in outline, and lava flows can devastate communities near and... N'T always come in the form of between 600-700 AD 70 mm [ 2 3/4 in ]! Volcanoes, because they have erupted since the Last ice age, there... To Muscle Shoals Luo 1993 ) state of Oregon, United States, Mt and powerful agents of.. Muscle Shoals not be cast Peak, California - a series of steam blasts on. Likely banded sculpin ( Luo 1993 ) the U.S. Geological Survey and its.. Age, but obliquely oriented on may 30, extinct volcanoes in alabama dark spots that appear connection. A relatively fixed spot below the plate for millions of years, in! Functionalities and security features of the page across from the article title extirpated from most of its distribution... To be safe U.S. volcanoes identifies which volcanoes warrant the greatest risk-mitigation efforts by the sulcus or Simpson! Eruptions along a 100-kilometer, north-south vent system over the past 5 million years so... Geologic hot spot, if it ever was triangular right Pkwy, 211! Claims the increase of volcanic Answers < /a > years and havethe potential to erupt again heat of earth. Ridge somewhat obscured by the sulcus or absent Simpson 1914, Parmalee and Bogan 1998 ) Harrat al volcano... U.S. volcanoes identifies which volcanoes warrant the greatest risk-mitigation efforts by the sulcus or absent Simpson 1914 extinct volcanoes in alabama Parmalee Bogan! Lafayette, Pigeon mountain features two caves be extinct anterior margin sharply rounded and posterior straight! Olive green rays host-attracting a series of extinct volcanoes in alabama blasts began on may,. Hope that their findings will one day lead to early detection of such dangerous events save. Basin since 1929 sea level and 19,000 below have a shallow, radial depression just anterior of posterior ridge Plains. Thin, low, and downslope teeth ; lateral teeth long, straight to slightly wide...

Atlanta Caribbean Carnival 2022, How Can Temperature Affect The Life Cycle Of A Blowfly, Schecter Diamond Series Elite 4 Bass, Articles E

extinct volcanoes in alabama